early years alliance - Activities

The wonders of playdough

Tanya_temp — Mon, 25 Mar 2024 15:02:26 +0000

Enjoyed by young and old alike, playdough is a fabulous resource that many baby and toddler groups use for tactile play. They may not, however, be fully aware of all the developmental opportunities it presents, both there and at home.  

In the Alliance’s role supporting baby and toddler groups, we often hear about the anxiety associated with potential mess, cost, safety, and what they are expected to ‘do’ with it – all legitimate fears that can be overcome. 

While baby and toddler groups aren’t required to follow the EYFS Framework, it’s nevertheless a handy tool for understanding the seven core areas of children’s learning and how, as adults, we can help with this.   

Playdough supports personal, social and emotional development by helping children: 

Engage in quieter, calmer and more reflective play in a busy world where they can explore their own emotions and feelings 

Learn to share resources, starting to become aware of the needs of others and to negotiate  

Build resilience and perseverance – overcoming challenges and adjusting ideas when things don’t quite go to plan 

Playdough supports communication and language by helping children: 

Learn and practise new vocabulary, especially action and description words  

Develop the language of thinking – what, why and where, bringing the ideas in their mind to life  

Build narratives – sharing their stories and explanations  

Develop social skills – learning how to communicate with others in play 

Playdough supports physical development by helping children: 

Develop fine motor skills through rolling and squeezing dough, which can support later writing skills 

Develop gross motor skills and muscle strength, boosting their confidence to join in with play  

Build core strength and maintain their sense of balance  

Coordinate movement in different parts of their bodies 

Playdough supports literacy by helping children: 

Support fine motor skills for later writing skills, including through mark-making in playdough using tools, other toys or hand 

Make up stories with playdough and sharing these together 

Learn to follow instructions  

Playdough supports mathematics by helping children: 

Measure quantities and learn/practise mathematical language: big, small, heavy and light 

Create and name both 2D and 3D shapes together 

Build on and practise their counting skills: balls of dough or cups of flour 

Playdough supports expressive arts and design by helping children: 

Express themselves: playdough can be anything or nothing at all, as the process is more important than the product 

Share their ideas and learn about symbolic thinking through playing pretend

Playdough supports understanding the world by helping children: 

Develop their thinking about how the dough changes and reacts when they play with it 

Experience different textures, colours and scents that stimulate their senses  

Playdough doesn’t have to be an expensive resource – you can make it yourself! Here, we’ve included a few of our favourite recipes to share with you. These can be enhanced by adding scents and colouring that are safe to use if you wish. You can also offer tools or other resources, such as shells or pinecones, to enhance the activity.   

NB: Please be careful with aromatherapy oils as some can be skin irritants 

Cleaning tips for homemade playdough: soak tools/equipment in hot water for a few minutes to dissolve; if it gets onto the floor, it can be swept up or, once dried, vacuumed. 

Playdough  

This recipe needs to be made by an adult and given time to cool before it can be played with. 

Ingredients 

2 cups of flour 
1 cup of table salt 
2 tsp cream of tartar 
1 tbsp vegetable or sunflower oil 
2 cups of boiling water (adult) 
Safe to use scent or food colouring of your choice if you wish

Instructions 

In a bowl, combine the flour, salt and cream of tartar, and mix well 
Add in the oil 
If you’re using them, mix a few drops of food colouring and scent into the bowl 
Carefully add the boiling water 
Mix everything together well and, once cooled, knead with your hands until no longer sticky (add more flour as needed) 
Once it’s fully cooled, put in an airtight container and store in the fridge

Cold water and salt free playdough 

This recipe is a fun way to get children involved in making their own playdough. It doesn’t last as long, but it’s safer for children to make themselves and is great for extending children’s learning and development via the process.  

Ingredients 

2 cups of plain flour 
½ cup vegetable oil 
1 cup cold water 
Food colouring if desired

Instructions 

In a large bowl, add oil to the flour and mix  
If you are using food colouring add this to the water first and then pour the water into the bowl with the flour and oil 
Stir well and then tip out and knead bringing the dough together into a ball 
The great thing about this recipe is that if it’s a bit too wet, add a bit more flour; if it’s too dry, add a bit more water 
Have fun and when you’ve finished playing keep it in an airtight container – but be aware it won’t keep as long

Gluten-free playdough 

Sometimes we need a gluten-free playdough for our children. With this recipe, you may find you need to add more flour/conditioner until you get the dough consistency right.  

Ingredients 

1 cup hair conditioner

2 cups cornflour 
Food colouring, if you want to make your dough a different colour

Instructions 

Mix together the conditioner and cornflour in a bowl 
If you want to add food colouring, do this while mixing 
Keep stirring until it comes together as a lump 
Knead until smooth 
Keep in an airtight container as it doesn't keep as well

Activities

World of wonder: Woodland walks

Tanya_temp — Mon, 25 Mar 2024 14:58:28 +0000

Alliance early years development manager Alison Heseltine shares ideas for woodland walks that include storytelling, sensory talk, and getting to know your local area

A bit of fresh air can do the world of good, especially in the post-holiday January lull when we could all do with blowing away some cobwebs. Wherever you are, there will be opportunities to venture out into the community to wander in woodlands with your baby and toddler group. This could be a special, one-off session designed to stimulate curiosity and bring adults’ attention to hidden walks they may be unaware of, or it could be a series of walks in different spots to help build confidence, skills and learning each week!   

During Bradford Baby Week, the Alliance team were delighted to go exploring on some exciting woodland walks as part of our work supporting community-based groups, as well as delivering our own play-and-learn sessions in the Bradford area.  

Alongside encouraging physical activity in different terrains and promoting the wellbeing benefits of being outdoors, the aim of the walks was to bring families together and provide an opportunity for them to explore the outdoor spaces in their own communities, while still having the support of the group leaders. 

 
Telling a story

The walks were all led by the team. They guided families through the trees, taking time to talk about what could be seen, heard, touched and smelled, exploring the natural resources – leaves, pinecones, seeds, cobwebs – and, thanks to the arrival of Storm Debi, lots of sticks and puddles, too!  

Each one journeyed through a story, with plenty of opportunities to stop along the way to connect with nature and the various sensory experiences that only the great outdoors can provide.     

The Gruffalo, We’re Going on a Bear Hunt and The Three Billy Goats Gruff    

With three outdoor stories chosen by the children and families, waterproof book copies were created, equipped with a selection of props and puppets. At one of the parks, we even had a bridge to trip-trap over, careful not to disturb the troll who lived underneath! On our bear hunt, we found lots of squelchy mud, while on our Gruffalo walk, we searched for trees that the Gruffalo might have been hiding behind.  

The families shared their enjoyment of the sessions, and the staff team got a peek of the different ways the adults engaged with their children.

“Lovely park that I didn’t know existed.”      “It was cold, but we still had a lovely  time!" 

“So nice to get spend some time in the park.”        

“It’s easy to hide away indoors in bad weather, but it was great fun – even in the rain!”   

“We’re going to try and get out more even when the weather isn’t great. There’s lots of interesting things to see and talk about on an outdoor walk. It’s great for the body and mind”  

Reaping the benefits  

Everyone, including staff, had fun. Spending time in the fresh air left everyone feeling happier, invigorated and more relaxed, regardless of the weather. The children transformed into enthusiastic adventurers and explorers, searching for wildlife while learning new vocabulary and building their knowledge of the world around them. Watching the squirrels scampering along branches and through the leaves was a particular source of joy! 

One of the most rewarding aspects of the walks is that they attracted new families to the groups, serving as a great, less socially pressured way of introducing everyone – it’s been wonderful to see that these families are now regularly attending the group sessions. 

Planning your own woodland adventure 

If you’d like to take your group out and about, we’ve gathered some top tips to help plan your adventure:  

Try to find a venue that is within easy reach of your current meeting place – that way you can be more certain that your families will be able to stick to their usual travel plans. 
Contact your local park service and check if you need to register your session with them and be aware of any requirements/restrictions they may have. 
Visit the venue beforehand and put together a risk assessment that considers key areas, for example: litter, animal faeces, large bodies of water, entrances and exits, other park users, plant hazards, cars and road traffic and the weather. Check with your insurance provider that you are covered for the change of locations and remember on the day to get there early enough to do a final check prior to the start of the session. 
Plan your sessions out – but be prepared to change those plans as nature has a way of surprising us and you never know what might capture everyone’s imagination on the day. Share your plans with your families and children so that they too can prepare especially when it comes to remembering to dress appropriately for the weather. 
Make sure you have items such as a mobile phone and first aid kit to hand, and it is good practice to have a qualified first aider at the session. You may also need some extra helpers. 
Promote your outdoor sessions at the group itself and in the local community. If you have some information about your group such as a flyer, take some copies with you on the day so that you can share these with any new families that might come along.   
Ensure that parents/carers understand that they are, at all times, responsible for their children.

Activities

Open the door to sunny spring!

Tanya_temp — Fri, 22 Mar 2024 17:24:25 +0000

Now springtime is here, nature is preparing for an explosion of new life filled with an abundance of colours and sounds. Taking your baby and toddler group outdoors at this time of year can be a multi-sensory experience for young children as they explore the world around them, supporting their learning, building self-confidence and boosting wellbeing. 

Spring offers the opportunity for a wealth of activities that, with a little planning, you can enjoy with the children and families at your group. Perhaps you are lucky enough to have outdoor space at your regular venue or maybe you could arrange to meet at a park nearby and explore your local surroundings together? 

As the weather warms up and the world bursts into life at our Play and Learn project in Bradford, we’re getting ready for our ‘springtime strolls’. Over the course of a week, we give families the opportunity to visit a local community green space as a group and – with the support of staff and volunteers – discover and learn about spring along the way!   

If you’re interested in taking your own session outside, we have a range of activity ideas to share with you, along with some song and story suggestions. 

Noticing nature 

A treasure hunt with family and friends is a great way to spot the signs and sounds of spring. 

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" unselectable="on" /> 

We use paint card samples to match to, but you might like to look at the free- to-download spotter sheets that The Woodland Trust produce, available at bit.ly/48q8g2n and bit.ly/42NDHm5. You can also follow the link to our Family Corner page: bit.ly/FC-wildflowers  

Another popular activity with our families is making memory bracelets together, which children can use to collect special items they find along the way, revisiting them to talk about and share their experiences with others.   

Spring is also a great time for spotting garden birds at home or in the park. To help families who may be unfamiliar with some of the more common varieties, we use a free spotter guide from CBeebies: bit.ly/BBC-birdspotting  

Curious and caring 

Children have an innate connection to nature, and caring for the wildlife helps to support them in learning to understand the needs of others. 

If you have a suitable area, why not make bird feeders together and see who comes to visit? bit.ly/BBC-birdfeeder  

Exploring and experimenting 

The weather in spring is famously unpredictable and gives lots of opportunities for sensory exploration – the feel of raindrops on cheeks or wind blowing through hair.  

Rain, rain, go away. Come gain another day! - this is a great song to sing with children, as it’s short and easy-to-remember, but it can also be sung in different ways to mimic the rain – loud, quiet, angry, sad etc.  

Our Family Corner website has some other ideas for you to try: 

bit.ly/FC-wonderful-wind  

Celebrating nature through…

Spring is the time for starting to plant seeds. Some are easier to grow than others and give more reliable results such as sunflowers.  These can then either be grown in pots or if families have the space planted at home. They can be cared for and watched as they grow taller and taller.

You can find out more at bit.ly/RHS-sunflowers  or the Family Corner website at bit.ly/FC-ready-steady-grow and bit.ly/FC-gardening-ideas.  

When you are outside with your families, why not try exploring some transient art activities together using the resources that nature has provided such as leaves, pebbles, sticks and pinecones? Then, when you are finished, return them to where you found them ready for another group to enjoy. 

… books 

The Tiny Seed by Eric Carle 

That’s not a daffodil by Elizabeth Honey 

That’s MY Flower by Alice Hemmings 

Tilly plants a tree by William Petty 

Hello Spring by Jo Lindley 

The Hungry Caterpillar by Eric Carle 

…song

– I’ll Plant a Little Seed (to the tune of I’m a little teapot) 

I'll plant a little seed in the dark, dark ground. 

Out comes the yellow sun, big and round. 

Down comes the cool rain, soft and slow. 

Up comes the little seed, grow, grow, grow! 

…spoken rhyme 

One little daffodil had nothing much to do, 
Out popped another one, then there were two. 
Two little daffodils were smiling at a bee, 
Out popped another one, then there were three. 
Three little daffodils were growing by the door, 
Out popped another one, then there were four. 
Four little daffodils were glad to be alive, 
Out popped another one, then there were five. 
Five little daffodils were wearing golden crowns, 
They danced in the breeze in green satin gowns 

Activities

Celebrating World Nursery Rhyme Week

caroline.graham — Mon, 15 Nov 2021 15:58:36 +0000

World Nursery Rhyme Week is an international celebration promoting the importance of nursery rhymes in early childhood development.

This year’s event takes place on 15-19 November, with more than five million children expected to join in alongside parents, early years practitioners and anyone working with children under the age of seven.

To help mark the celebration, we’ve asked some of our members how they will be celebrating this week...

'Children can be heard laughing as they sing with practitioners or on their own'

“Rhymes and singing are embedded into our everyday practice. Children are eager and excited to choose and join in with their favourite rhymes. Children can be heard laughing and giggling as they sing with practitioners as well as independently on their own. We use a song box, which has visual resources to ensure that all children, including those who are non-verbal, can feel a part of making choices and feel part of the group.

“Nursery rhymes lend themselves to all areas within the Early Years Foundation Stage such as PSED – respecting others' choices, mathematics – counting, adding and subtracting and literacy – recognising words and pictures in books or song cards. But the very best thing about nursery rhymes is that you don’t need to set time aside, you don’t really need anything, you can sing them virtually everywhere and make children’s and adults’ day better for it.”

Lorraine Weaver-Ennis, manager, Hinckley Road Nursery, Coventry

'A great opportunity to build on our existing practice, reflect upon the importance of music and share fun ideas with parents and carers'

“Nursery Rhyme Week is a great opportunity to build upon our existing practice, reflect upon the importance of music and share fun ideas with parents and carers.

This year children have enjoyed finding sheep in different sensory materials like sand, shaving foam and lentils as they sing ‘Little Bo Peep has Lost her Sheep’.

We also made a pretend cake and sang ‘Pat a Cake’, to enable them to relate the rhymes to real life experiences.”

Angela Msumba, owner/manager, Heart Pre-school, Nottingham

'We incorporate many traditional nursery rhymes as part of our daily routine'

“As part of our daily routines we incorporate many traditional nursery rhymes, as well as other rhyming songs. For example, as children go to the bathroom to wash their hands or when they line up to go outside we will sing different rhymes. We have started learning some Makaton signs to accompany our nursery rhymes so that all children are included regardless of their home language or ability to communicate verbally.

"Outside the children love to join in singing nursery rhymes using our large parachute. As well as developing language and listening skills, we can incorporate a more physical element as we move the parachute around. We also sing lots of counting rhymes to develop mathematical skills alongside this. Sometimes a child may have a particular favourite and will enjoy standing up and singing it to their friends. Turn taking skills are embedded as a child is asked to be the 'farmer in his den' or a crocodile who is teased by the monkeys swinging in the tree.

“Many of the traditional rhymes can get lost over time unless they are passed down from generation to generation. Often, we find that the songs we teach some of the children, are familiar to others as they have been sung at home with grandparents.”

Theresa Miller, manager, St Gabriel’s Pre-school, Tamworth, Staffordshire

'Nursery rhymes are often a familiar link with home'

“Nursery rhymes are one facet of how we invite children to be excited and be active participants in their own language development. We use songs, poems, stories and rhymes to build attention and a love for language they can share with their friends.

“Nursery rhymes can be incorporated into all aspects of the curriculum, they are often a familiar link with home and they are a perfect gateway into early reader skills. We use nursery rhymes daily, in all aspects of our day. From our circle time hello, as a physical start to an adult lead activity, to modelling language opportunities during free play and using nursery rhyme books to support early book skills. The importance of early language acquisition is widely known. By creating an environment where language is celebrated, challenged and cherished is what we strive to achieve daily.”

Dawn Davies, Squirrels Pre-school Nursery, Cuddington, Cheshire

How you can take part in World Nursery Rhyme Week

You can join in by simply enjoying nursery rhymes, joining the official Early Years Planning Group on Facebook or by sharing your pictures and videos on social media.

Parents and carers are also welcome to join in using an official Facebook Page for activity ideas.

There are five official rhymes for 2021:

Incy Wincy Spider
Sleeping Bunnies
Wind the Bobbin
Head, Shoulders, Knees and Toes
Down in the Jungle

You can, of course, stick to some of your children’s own favourites too!

Where next?

The importance of parents in their child's development

Activities

Celebrating Chinese New Year - ideas and activities for early years settings

sarah.evans — Fri, 05 Feb 2021 11:51:20 +0000

Melanie Pilcher, quality and standards manager at the Alliance, shares some fun ideas for celebrating the Lunar New Year in your setting.

This article orginally appeared in the Alliance's Under 5 membership magazine.

Xin Nian Kuai Le! Or Happy New Year!

After the glitz and glitter of Christmas, January and early February can feel a little lacklustre at the best of times. The weather is not great and indoors the walls can seem bare when the tinsel and fairy lights that lifted our spirits during the pandemic have been packed away.

But while last year’s Christmas celebrations are well behind us, another festival is just around the corner. All around the world, millions of people are preparing for the Lunar New Year, which begins on 1 February 2022.

New Year celebrations can last for up to 15 days, known as the Spring Festival, so this is a great opportunity to immerse your setting in the festivities.

You will broaden children’s horizons and celebrate cultures and traditions that may already be familiar to many children and families.

Although we won’t have the array of spectacular celebrations in the UK’s largest cities, the occasion will not go unmarked, there will be plenty of decorations to see, even if the usual parades and gatherings are on hold. and many families will celebrate at home too.

"With customs including dragon dances, parades and fireworks there are possibilities for arts and crafts and activities that cover every area of the EYFS."

Meanwhile, many supermarkets will take this opportunity to promote a tempting array of Asian dishes, which are an important part of the celebration.

The end of the festival is celebrated with the Lantern Festival, bringing another chance to ignite the characteristics of effective learning.

New Year, also know as the Lunar New Year, runs on a cycle of 12 years with each represented by an animal. The many traditions that make up the festival offer plentiful opportunities to extend children’s knowledge and understanding of the world.

Practitioners should do some background research to inform their own understanding before planning for the children. There is a wealth of information available online.

With customs including dragon dances, parades and fireworks there are possibilities for arts and crafts and activities that cover every area of the EYFS.

The challenge will be staying focused and keeping the relevance of children’s involvement and their level of understanding and current experience.

Which animal are you?

This year is the year of the tiger, so why not begin by finding out together what that means for the year ahead?

Once you have learnt this, you can then work out which animal each of the children is using the year they were born in the chart below.

Your under fives are likely to be goats, monkeys, roosters or dogs.

Let practitioners join in too to give yourself a broader range of animals to include in activities.

People are said to have similar characteristics to their animal, so you can have fun deciding what each animal means. Is it a fierce, brave, kind or clever animal?

This is a great introduction to feelings and behaviours as part of personal, social and emotional development. If you successfully stimulate children’s interest they will want to spend more time finding out about their animal by looking at books, pictures or perhaps even observing first hand!

Chinese zodiac signs

Rat:	2008	1996	1984	1972	1960
Ox:	2009	1997	1985	1973	1961
Tiger:	2010	1998	1986	1974	1962
Rabbit:	2011	1999	1987	1975	1963
Dragon:	2012	2000	1988	1976	1964
Snake:	2013	2001	1989	1977	1965
Horse:	2014	2002	1990	1978	1966
Goat:	2015	2003	1991	1979	1967
Monkey:	2016	2004	1992	1980	1968
Rooster:	2017	2005	1993	1981	1969
Dog:	2018	2006	1994	1982	1970
Pig:	2019	2007	1995	1983	1971

Red envelopes

Instead of receiving wrapped presents as we do at Christmas, children are given red envelopes, or hong paos, for New Year by family and friends. The envelopes are sometimes decorated with symbols like the Chinese dragon or lions for good luck. Greetings and good wishes written in gold letters are also often added.

To replicate this tradition in your setting, you can make your own envelopes with the children. Plenty of maths can be practiced here: one thick piece of red A4 paper cut into quarters will make four envelopes. Once your envelopes are decorated you will need to count out some coins to place inside, even a few pennies, as a gesture. Don’t put four pennies in though, as four is deemed to be an unlucky number in Chinese culture.

Lanterns

Red and gold lanterns and banners with messages can be hung everywhere, particularly by doorways and entrances to greet visitors. You can research traditional messages or make up your own with the children – there are no set rules. To encourage mark-making, you can provide children with the resources they will need to copy Chinese writing characters. Many are very complex but there are some that will be easier for children to replicate.

Provide children with plenty of examples of each symbol as well as paper and charcoal sticks or thick black paint and a selection of brushes. Black marker pens with thick tips are very effective and children don’t often get an opportunity to use them.

Paper firecrackers are also used to decorate homes at this time of year. Originally, loud firecrackers were also set off to scare away evil spirits. You can make your own, just without the bang. Simply roll red paper into a tube just a little thinner than a toilet roll. Edge each end with gold and decorate them. String them together in a bunch and hang them wherever you like.

Paint your dragon

Children will love the idea of a Chinese dragon. Make it a big, bright display or, if you are really ambitious, why not have a go at a dragon dance? You can make a dragon mask and decorate a sheet with ribbons and streamers, then watch a video of a traditional Chinese dragon dance and let the children have a go. The dragon dance can have many participants, but the lion dance should only have two. Children will have to work together and coordinate their movements if they are going to make this work.

Don’t forget the food

New Year cuisine is as varied, colourful and as exciting as everything else to do with the celebration. There’s lots of well known examples available in the shops, but some items are easy enough for any setting to try out. Oranges and tangerine symbolise wealth, apples are for peace and tangerines are for good fortune. That’s surely a good start to any new year, so Xin Nian Kuai Le!

This article orginally appeared in the Alliance's Under 5 membership magazine in 2018 and was updated for 2022.

Find out more about the magazine, request your free taster copy, or sign up to the newsletter mailing list here

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Activities

Old London Road Pre-school launches lockdown song for families

rachel.lawler — Thu, 11 Jun 2020 16:48:10 +0000

When one of the parents at Old London Road Pre-school in St Albans shared a touching poem on their experiences in lockdown, pre-school leader Janet Charles was inspired to put the words to some music.

Written by Liz Binks, the lyrics reflect the voice of a young child asking “Can we do it again, Mum?” as they list activities they have enjoyed while spending time with their parents at home during the lockdown. The lyrics were inspired by the writer’s own experiences with her daughter, Amelie.

Janet wrote the music to accompany the poem and then recorded the song with the help of her son Tobias’ vocals and husband’s guitar. Her nephew then created a video, with the help of some photographs shared by families from the setting.

After a fantastic initial response to the song, the pre-school is now using it to help raise money for the setting and other local charities that have had to cancel their usual fundraising activities due to the coronavirus outbreak.

Liz said: “I shared my poem on a couple of family Facebook pages and was astounded by the response – hundreds of parents said it really resonated with them and brought them strength at a time when they were really struggling.”

Janet added: “It was such a special time recording this with my own son, who is now a grown-up but attended the pre-school in 1999. The video features many of the children from our pre-school. We hope you enjoy it and are grateful for any donations you may wish to make.”

The song has already raised more than £800 for the pre-school and other local charities.

You can donate to the pre-school's fundraising campaign here.

Activities

Creative ways to use up your old pumpkins

rachel.lawler — Fri, 01 Nov 2019 16:10:06 +0000

After Halloween and the pumpkin party is over, Melanie Pilcher, quality and standards manager at the Alliance, explains how you can enjoy new activities and reduce waste by using up all those pumpkins

Carved pumpkins are a key element of Halloween celebrations. Many families will place a jack-o’-lantern on their doorstep or windowsill overnight to mark the special day. The tradition is now so popular that an estimated 10 million pumpkins were sold in 2018.

But what happens to these pumpkins on 1 November, when all good witches and wizards have packed away their broomsticks and costumes for another year?

There’s a good chance that all those shiny orange pumpkins will sit forlornly on a doorstep or in the front garden or days, maybe even weeks. They will sag, go soggy and most will end up in landfill.

Last year, experts estimated only 5% of pumpkins grown in the UK will be eaten. Halloween pumpkins are often grown for their size and shape, which can result in stringy flesh that’s not always suitable for cooking. The remaining 95% are thrown away as food waste, creating 60-70,000 tonnes of additional waste each year.

Many of these pumpkins will end up in landfill sites where they will eventually break down, producing environment-damaging methane.

But there are a number of more eco-friendly options that you can try with the children.

Save the seeds

There are approximately 500 seeds inside a medium pumpkin. Children will enjoy picking them out of the stringy flesh. Once washed and dried they can used in a number of ways:

roast them to make a tasty snack
dry them out and thread them onto necklaces
create a collage
add them to musical shakers
create a pumpkin-seed number line

You could even fundraise with your seeds. Rinse and dry the seeds, making sure you put them on a paper towel and separate them to stop them from sticking together. Once completely dried, place them in a brown paper envelope, which you could ask the children to decorate. Offer them to parents and visitors for a small donation. This could even launch a gardening challenge for next year as you see which family can grow the biggest pumpkin using the seeds.

Life cycles

If you didn’t grow your own pumpkins in the setting this year, add it to your long-term planning to get ready for April 2020.

Save a handful of seeds from this year’s pulp and dry them out ready for planning in the spring.

Pumpkins are easy for children to grow – you can find specific details about when and where to plant them online – and their large leaves and vibrant fruits will be fascinating to watch grow. They need constant watering, offering good lessons for young gardeners.

Children can also watch the carved pumpkins start to decompose. It may not be everyone’s idea of fun, but young children will enjoy seeing the changes in colour, shape and texture.

Try some recipes

Scooping out the flesh of a pumpkin takes a lot of time and effort so don’t waste it by throwing it out. If the flesh is not too stringy there are plenty of recipes to choose from. Pumpkin puree can also be used as the basis for soups, pies or even houmous that will add to children’s healthy diets and use up any leftover flesh.

Create some compost

If your pumpkin flesh is not suitable for cooking, cut it up into small chunks and add it to your own compost bin, if you have one. If you don’t already have one, now is a good time to start. You can build one using old pallets or garden trellis, plastic buckets or even a heavy-duty cardboard box. Have a look online for detailed instructions and of course involve the children.

Chunks of pumpkin can also be added directly to the soil in your garden area. Just dig them in. This is a nice task to warm up your budding gardeners on a chilly winter morning.

Feed the wildlife

Our wildlife visitors are more likely to come into the garden if there is a source of food available to them. Squirrels, moles, mice and deer will all feast on pumpkin. Let the children look for clues to see who may have visit the garden for a snack. Look for teeth marks, or leave a light dusting of flour on a paved area to see if you can get any footprints. If you are lucky enough to have a motion-sensitive night camera, you could review the footage with the children.

Dried pumpkin seeds are also a welcome addition to your bird table, especially when autumn’s bountiful trees and hedgerows start to give way to winter’s bar branches. So keep a few seeds back to add into your regular mix in the winter months.

Check your local area

Some local authorities are helping to reduce landfill waste by offering a collection for post-Halloween pumpkins. In 2018, there were 40 local events offering a scheme to stop pumpkins from being wasted – check if your local authority is running a collection or other recycling event. If not, check the hashtag #PumpkinRescue on social media for more ideas on how to recycle or reuse your pumpkin or you may even consider running your own rescue event at your setting.

However you decide to use this year’s pumpkins, remember that you will be making a big difference to reducing food waste preventing climate change. There are very few food items of such size and weight that are grown to be used for just one night of the year and then discarded. Every small change we make now will gather momentum as the next generation of children plan their future Halloween celebrations.

[This article originally appeared in the October 2019 issue of Under 5 magazine].

Activities